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Holy Week is the week which precedes the Resurrection on Easter Sunday. From the Church's earliest times, the week has been filled with commemorations of Jesus' triumphant entry into Jerusalem, His Passion, death and Resurrection.

Palm Sunday

The sixth and last Sunday of Lent and beginning of Holy Week commemorates Jesus' entry into Jerusalem. The main ceremonies are the benediction of the palms, the procession, the Mass and the singing of the Passion.

The blessing of palms and the Palm Sunday procession date back to the earliest Church in Jerusalem. Palm branches have always been symbols of joy and victory, and in Christianity, as a sign of victory over the flesh and the world according to Psalm 91:13, "Justus ut palma florebit." The blessed palms are taken home by the faithful and used as a sacramental. Blessed palms are also burned to make ashes for the next year's Ash Wednesday.

Every great feast was in some way a remembrance of the resurrection of Christ and was called "Pascha." "Pascha" really comes from a Hebrew word meaning "passage" (of the destroying angel at Passover), but the Greeks took it to be identical with "paschein" ("to suffer"). From the custom of also blessing flowers and entwining them among the palms arose the term "Dominica Florida," or "Flower Sunday." One notable bit of trivia: Related terms are "Pascha floridum," or "Pascua florida" in Spanish – and it was from this Spanish term for Palm Sunday that Florida received its name on that day in 1512.

The Gospel of the Passion is also read during the Palm Sunday Mass. As on Good Friday, and on the Tuesday and the Wednesday of Holy Week, the Passion is sung by three deacons who impersonate respectively the Evangelist ("Chronista"), Jesus, and the other speakers ("Synagoga"). This division of the Passion among three characters is very ancient, and it is even indicated by rubrical notes in early manuscripts of the Gospel.

Holy (Maundy) Thursday

The oldest of the Holy Week observances, this day commemorates the institution of the Eucharist. Holy Thursday consists of a succession of joyful ceremonies: reconciliation of penitents, consecration of the holy oils (the "Missa chrismalis," or "Chrism Mass"), washing of the feet ("pedilavium"), and commemoration of the Eucharist.

"Maundy" derives from "Mandatum" (the first word of the Office of the Washing of the Feet). This marks the central rite of the day.

On that day Mass and Communion typically followed the evening meal. In the early Church in Rome, everything was carried on in daylight, whereas in Africa on Holy Thursday the Eucharist was celebrated after the evening meal, in view of more exact conformity with the circumstances of the Last Supper. This early tradition survives to the present time in that the clergy do not offer Mass privately but are directed to Communicate together at the public Mass, like guests at one table.

Also on Holy Thursday the ringing of bells ceases until the Easter Vigil, the altar is stripped, and candles remain unlit – outwardly demonstrating the sense of the Church's bereavement during the time of Christ's Passion and burial. The observance of silence during these three days dates at least from the eighth century.

Good Friday

This is the day of Christ's Passion, death and burial, now primarily celebrated by a service combining a number of features.

First are the reading of three sets of lessons followed by "bidding prayers." Secondly, there is the Adoration of the Cross. The dramatic unveiling and adoration of the Cross, introduced into the Latin Liturgy in the seventh or eighth century, originated in the Church in Jerusalem, where a relic of the True Cross was venerated.

In the "Peregrinatio Sylviæ," (written from 378 to 394), that early ceremony is described: "Then a chair is placed for the Bishop in Golgotha behind the Cross ... a table covered with a linen cloth is placed before him; the Deacons stand around the table, and a silver-gilt casket is brought in which is the wood of the holy Cross. The casket is opened and (the wood) is taken out, and both the wood of the Cross and the Title are placed upon the table. Now, when it has been put upon the table, the Bishop, as he sits, holds the extremities of the sacred wood firmly in his hands, while the Deacons who stand around guard it. It is guarded thus because the custom is that the people, both faithful and catechumens, come one by one and, bowing down at the table, kiss the sacred wood and pass on."

Holy Saturday

Holy Saturday is also known as Great (or Grand) Saturday, the Angelic Night, and the Easter Vigil. It is not like Maundy Thursday, a day of joy, but one of joy and sadness intermingled; it is the close of the penitential season of Lent, and the beginning of paschal time, which is one of rejoicing. Its essential feature is the baptism of the catechumens, who have been preparing during Lent to enter the Church.

The Easter Vigil opens with the blessing of the paschal fire and the lighting of lamps and the paschal candle. St. Cyril of Jerusalem said this night was as bright as day, and Emperor Constantine in Rome added unprecedented splendor with a profusion of lamps and enormous torches, so that not only churches, but houses, streets and squares were ablaze with light symbolic of the Risen Christ.

The Holy Saturday ceremony has lost much of the significance it enjoyed in the early Christian centuries, owing to the irresistible tendency to celebrate it earlier in the evening. Originally it was held only in the late hours of Saturday and barely ending before midnight. To this day, however, the brevity of the Easter Mass preserves a memorial of the fatigue of that "watch-night" that ended the austerities of Lent.

Finally, the Vigil Mass, with its joyous "Gloria," at which the bells are again rung, the uncovering of the veiled statues and pictures, and the triumphant "Alleluias," which mark nearly every step of the liturgy, proclaim the Resurrection of Our Lord Jesus Christ.

— Source: Catholic Encyclopedia, online at www.newadvent.org